Psychologiczne, społeczne i prawne przesłanki do działań w zakresie profilaktyki przemocy seksualnej wobec dzieci i młodzieży
Abstrakt
W artykule zawarto przegląd badań dotyczących profilaktyki przemocy seksualnej wśród młodzieży. Szczególny nacisk położono na mity na temat zgwałceń (rape myths) i ich modyfikowanie na drodze edukacji. Przedstawiono również inne metody, w tym zweryfikowane empirycznie – np. bystander intervention, a także aspekty prawne profilaktyki przemocy seksualnej wśród młodzieży i działania podejmowane przez polskie organizacje pozarządowe w tej kwestii. Podkreślono rolę edukacji seksualnej w zapobieganiu przemocy seksualnej wśród młodzieży.
Pełny tekst:
PDFBibliografia
Abebe, K. Z., Jones, K. A., Ciaravino, S., Ripper, L., Paglisotti, T., Morrow, S. E., … Miller, E. (2017). A cluster-randomized trial of a middle school gender violence prevention program: Design, rationale, and sample characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 62, 11–20.
Aosved, A. C., Long, P. J. (2006). Co-Occurrence of RMA, Sexism, Racism, Homophobia, Ageism, Classism, and Religious Intolerance. Sex Roles, 55(7–8), 481–492. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-006-9101-4.
Bendixen, M., Kennair, L. E. O. (2017). When less is more: Psychometric properties of Norwegian short-forms of the Ambivalent Sexism Scales (ASI and AMI) and the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance (IRMA) Scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(6), 541–550.
Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural Myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.38.
Chapleau, K. M., Oswald D. L. (2014). ASystem Justification View of Sexual Violence: Legitimizing Gender Inequality and Reduced Moral Outrage Are Connected to Greater Rape Myth Acceptance. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(2), 204–218. DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2014.867573.
Chapleau, K. M., Oswald D. L., Russell, B. L. (2007). How Ambivalent Sexism Toward Women and Men Support Rape Myth Acceptance. Sex Roles, 57(1–2), 131–136. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9196-2.
Chudasama, R. K., Kadri, A. M., Zalavadiya, D., Joshi, N., Bhola, Ch. (2013). Attitude and Myths towards Rape among Medical Students in Rajkot, India. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 12(3), 1–6.
Cooper Stoll, L., Lilley, T. G ., Pinter, K. (2017).Gender-Blind Sexism and Rape Myth Acceptance. Violence Against Women, 23(1), 28–45. DOI: 10.1177/1077801216636239.
Debowska, A., Boduszek, D., Dhingra, K., Kola, S., Meller-Prunska, A. (2015). The Role of Psychopathy and Exposure to Violence in Rape Myth Acceptance. Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 30(15), 2751–70. DOI: 10.1177/0886260514553635.
Debowska, A., Boduszek, D., Dhingra, K., DeLisi, M. (2016). The Effect of Male Incarceration on Rape Myth Acceptance: Application of Propensity Score Matching Technique. Deviant Behavior, 1–7. DOI: 10.1080/01639625.2015.1060805.
Dickson, S. (2013). Preventing sexual violence: Astocktake of tauiwi and bicultural primary prevention activities. Pobrane z: http://rpe.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/ Executive-Summary-Preventing-Sexual-Violence-A-Stocktake-of-TauiwiBicultural-Primary-Prevention-Activities-2013.pdf.
Dworkin, E. R., Sessarego, S. N., Pittenger, S. L., Edwards, K.M., Banyard, V. L. (2017). Rape Myth Acceptance in Sexually Assaulted Adolescents’ School Contexts: Associations with Depressed Mood and Alcohol Use. American Journal of Community Psychology, 60(3–4), 516–526. DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12173.
Egan, R., Wilson, J. C. (2012). Rape Victims’ Attitudes to Rape Myth Acceptance. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19(3), 345–357. DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2011.585128.
Fay, K. E., Medway, F. J. (2006). An acquaintance rape education program for students transitioning to high school. Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and Learning, 6(3), 223–236.
Fundacja Feminoteka. (2008). Przeciwdziałanie przemocy i przemocy seksualnej wobec dziewcząt. Poradnik dla nauczycieli i nauczycielek. Pobrane z: http://feminoteka. pl/przeciwdzialanie-przemocy-i-przemocy-seksualnej-wobec-dziewczatporadnik-dla-nauczycieli-i-nauczycielek/.
Giovannelli, T. S., Jackson, L. (2013). Sexual violence perceptions among Christian college students. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 16(3), 254–272. DOI: 10.1080/13674676.2012.657618.
Grabowska, M., Rawłuszko, M. (2016). Powszechność i trwałość przemocy seksualnej wobec kobiet: wyzwania metodologiczne i wyniki badań ankietowych. W: M. Grabowska, A. Grzybek (red.), Przełamać tabu. Raport o przemocy seksualnej (s. 11–76). Warszawa: Fundacja Ster.
Grupa Edukatorów Seksualnych Ponton. (2011). Skąd wiesz? Jak wygląda edukacja seksualna w polskich domach. Pobrane z: http://ponton.org.pl/wp-content/ uploads/2018/09/Sk%C4%85d-wiesz-RAPORT_ostateczny.pdf.
Grupa Edukatorów seksualnych Ponton. (2014). „Sprawdzian (z)WDŻ”, czyli jak wygląda edukacja seksualna wpolskich szkołach. Pobrane z: http://ponton.org.pl/wp-content/ uploads/2018/09/raport_jaka_edukacja_2014_21112014.pdf.
Hantzi, A., Lampridis, E., Tsantila, K., Bohner, G. (2015). Validation of the Greek Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) Scale: Examining Its Relationships with Sexist and Conservative Political Beliefs. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 9(1), 122–133. DOI: 10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.498.
Heath, N. M., Lynch, S. M., Fritch, A. M., Wong, M. M. (2013). RMA Impacts the Reporting of Rape to the Police: A Study of Incarcerated Women. Violence Against Women, 19(9), 1065–1078. DOI: 10.1177/1077801213501841.
Heaven, P. C. L., Connors, J., Pretorius, A. (1998). Victim Characteristics and Attribution of Rape Blame in Australia and South Africa. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(1), 131–133.
Herman, D. F. (1984). Rape culture. W: J. Freeman (red.), Women: Afeminist perspective (s. 45–53).
Mountain View, CA: Mayfield. Hudson, S. M., Wales, D. S., Bakker, L., Ward, T. (2002). Dynamic Risk Factors: The Kia Marama Evaluation. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14, 103–119. DOI: 10.1177/107906320201400203.
Hunter-Geboy, C. (2009). Edukacja bez tabu. Podręcznik do prowadzenia zajęć z młodzieżą na temat seksualności i relacji międzyludzkich. Gdańsk: Grupa Edukacyjna Bez Tabu. Pobrane z: https://www.advocatesforyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/ storage//advfy/documents/life%20planning%20education%20polish.pdf
Jonason, P., Girgis, M., Milne-Home, J. (2017). The Exploitive Mating Strategy of the Dark Triad Traits: Tests of Rape-Enabling Attitudes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 697–706. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0937-1.
Kann, L., Olsen, E. O., McManus, T., Kinchen, S., Chyen, D., Harris, W. A., Wechsler, H. (2011). Sexual identity, sex of sexual contacts, and health-risk behaviors among students in grades 9–12 – Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, selected sites, United States, 2001-2009. Surveillance Summaries, 60, 1–133. Pobrane z: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6007a1.htm.
Kernsmith, P. D., Hernandez-Jozefowicz, D. M. (2011). A Gender-Sensitive Peer Education Program for Sexual Assault Prevention in the Schools. Children&Schools, 33(3), 146–157.
Klasnić, K., Štulhofer, A. (2018). Rape Myths Acceptance among Adolescents — A Longitudinal Mediation Analysis. Društvena istraživanja, 27(2), 221–242.
Krahé, B., Temkin, J., Bieneck, S., Berger, A. (2008). Prospective lawyers’ rape stereotypes and schematic decision making about rape cases. Psychology, Crime and Law, 14(5), 461–479. DOI: 10.1080/10683160801932380.
Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., Lozano, R. (2002). World report on violence and health. Genewa: World Health Organization.
Långström, N., Babchishin, K. M., Fazel,S., Lichtenstein, P., Frisell, T. (2015). Sexual offending runs in families: A 37-year nationwide study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(2), 713–720. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv029.
Lee, J., Pomeroy, E. C., Yoo, S.-K., Rheinboldt, K. T. (2005). Attitudes Toward RapeAComparison Between Asian and Caucasian College Students. Violence Against Women, 11(2), 177–196. DOI: 10.1177/1077801204271663.
Malo-Juvera, V. (2012). The effect of young adult literature on adolescents’ rape myth acceptance (praca doktorska). Pobrane z: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd.
McMahon, J. J. (2005). Marital rape laws 1976-2002: from exemptions to prohibitions (master’s thesis). Pobrane z: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/db09/ ae24ef088bb84a29b5043e00ddd384d8c389.pdf.
Moyano, N., Monge, F. S., Sierra, J. C. (2017). Predictors of sexual aggression in adolescents: Gender dominance vs. rape supportive attitudes. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 9 (1) 25–31.
National Sexual Violence Resource Center and Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape. (2012). Guide for trasnformative prevention programming. Sexual violence and individuals who identify as LGBT. Pobrane z: https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/ Publications_NSVRC_Guides_Transformative-Prevention-Programming.pdf.
National Union of Students. (2015). Consent Workshop Facilitator Guide.
Page, A. D. (2008). Judging women and defining crime: police officers’ attitudes toward women and rape. Sociological Spectrum, 28, 389–411. DOI: 10.1080/02732170802053621.
Papp, L. J., Erchull, M. J. (2017). Objectification and System Justification Impact Rape Avoidance Behaviors. Sex Roles, 76, 110–120. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0660-8.
Przewoznik, J. (2015). Gay Straight Alliances as a Component of a Sexual Violence Prevention Strategy: History, Possibility, and Lessons Learned from North Carolina. Pobrane z: http://www.nccasa.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/GSAsas-SV-Prevention-Strategies.pdf.
Rebeiz, M. J., Harb, Ch. (2010). Perceptions of Rape and Attitudes Toward Women in a Sample of Lebanese Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(4), 735–752. DOI: 10.1177/0886260509334410.
Russell, K. J., Hand, Ch. J. (2017). Rape myth acceptance, victim blame attribution and Just World Beliefs: A rapid evidence assessment. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 37, 153–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2017.10.008.
Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Yalçın, Z. S., Glick, P. (2007). Ambivalent Sexism, Belief in a Just World, and Empathy as Predictors of Turkish Students’ Attitudes Toward Rape Victims. Sex Roles, 57, 889–895. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9313-2.
Sarmiento, I. (2011). Rape stereotypes and labeling: awareness of victimization and trauma. Psychological Reports, 108(1), 141–148.
Saunders, A. (2012, January). Speech on the prosecution of rape and serious sexual offences. Speech from 30.01.2012. Pobrane z: http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/articles/ speech_on_the_prosecution_of_rape_and_serious_sexual_offences_by_alison_ saunders_chief_crown_prosecutor_for_london/.
Schewe, P. A. (2008). Interventions to Prevent Sexual Violence. W: L. S. Doll, S. E. Bonzo, D. A. Sleet, J. A. Mercy (red.), Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention (s. 223–240).
Boston, MA: Springer US. Schneider, L. J, Mori, L. T., Lambert, P. L., Wong, A. O. (2009). The Role of Gender and Ethnicity in Perceptions of Rape and Its Aftereffects. Sex Roles, 60, 410–421. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-008-9545-9.
Smith, S. G., Chen, J., Basile, K. C., Gilbert, L. K., Merrick, M. T., Patel, N., Walling, M., Jain, A. (2017). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010-2012 State Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Strömwall, L. A., Alfredsson, H., Landström, S. (2013). Blame attributions and rape: Effects of belief in a just world and relationship level. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 18, 254–261. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8333.2012.02044.x.
Synakiewicz, A., Kot, M., Wawrzyńczyk, P., Raczyńska, K., Trojanowska, P., Broniarczyk, N., … Skonieczna, J. (2013). Nie zgadzam się na przemoc! Aktywizacja młodzieży w zakresie przeciwdziałania przemocy seksualnej i wiktymizacji. Pobrane z: http://kampania16dni.pl/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Nie-zgadzamsi%C4%99-na-przemoc-Aktywizacja-m%C5%82odzie%C5%BCy-w-zakresieprzeciwdzia%C5%82ania-przemocy-seksualnej-i-wiktymizacji.pdf
Toates, F., Smid, W., van den Berg, J. W. (2017). Aframework for understanding sexual violence: Incentive-motivation and hierarchical control. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 238–253. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.001.
Townsend, S. M. (2012). Year 3 report and synthesis: National strengths and needs assessment prevention assessment. Enola, PA: National Sexual Violence Resource Centre. Pobrane z: https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/2013-01/publications_ nsvrc_reports_prevention-assessment_year-3-national-strengths-needs.pdf.
Ullman, S. E., Filipas, H. H., Townsend, S. M., Starzynski, L. L. (2006). The Role of Victim–Offender Relationship in Women’s Sexual Assault Experiences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(6), 798–819. DOI: 10.1177/0886260506288590.
Vonderhaar, R. L., Carmody, D. C. (2014). There Are No “Innocent Victims”: The Influence of Just World Beliefs and Prior Victimization on Rape Myth Acceptance. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(10), 1–18. DOI: 10.1177/0886260514549196.
Ward, T., Beech, A. (2006). An Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 44–63.
Waterhouse, G. F., Reynolds, A., Egan, V. (2016). Myths and legends: The reality of rape offences reported to a UK police force. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8, 1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpal.2015.04.001.
WCSAP [Washington Coalition of Sexual Assault Programs]. (2013). Promising practices in school-based prevention. Pobrane z: https://www.wcsap.org/resources/publications/ tips-guides/prevention/promising-practices-school-based-prevention.
Watts, A. L., Bowes, S. M., Latzman, R. D., Lilienfeld, S. O. (2016). Psychopathic traits predict harsh attitudes toward rape victims among undergraduates. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 1–5.
WHO. (2006). Report of a technical consultation on sexual health, 28–31 January 2002, Geneva. Pobrane z: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/ sexual_health/en/.
WHO. (2016). World Report on Violence and Health. Summary. Pobrane z: http://www. who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/summary_en.pdf.
Williams, D. J., Neville, F. G. (2016). Qualitative evaluation of the Mentors in Violence Prevention pilot in Scottish high schools. Psychology of Violence, 7(2), 213–223 .
Włodarczyk, J., Makaruk, K. (2013). Ogólnopolska diagnoza problemu przemocy wobec dzieci. Warszawa: Fundacja Dzieci Niczyje. Pobrane z: https://fdds.pl/wpcontent/uploads/2016/05/Ogolnopolska_diagnoza_problemu_przemocy_ wobec_dzieci_Wyniki_badania_2013.pdf.
Wojciszke, B. (2017). Psychologia społeczna. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.