Przywiązanie w okresie niemowlęcym i stres rodzicielski a problemy emocjonalne i zaburzenia zachowania u dzieci w wieku 3 lat

Anne Tharner, Maartje P.C.M. Luijk, Marinus H. van IJzendoorn, Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenberg, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, Albert Hofman, Frank C. Verhulst, Henning Tiemeier

Abstrakt


Cel. Analiza wpływu typu przywiązania w okresie niemowlęcym oraz stresu rodzicielskiego na problemy emocjonalne i zaburzenia zachowania u małych dzieci. Plan badania. Badana próba obejmowała 606 diad niemowlę–matka, które wzięły udział w populacyjnym badaniu kohortowym, przeprowadzonym w Holandii. Przywiązanie (więź dziecko–matka) oceniano przy użyciu procedury sytuacji obcej (Strange Situation), gdy dzieci miały 14 miesięcy. Kiedy dzieci osiągnęły wiek 18 miesięcy, zmierzono poziom stresu rodzicielskiego przy użyciu holenderskiej wersji Skali stresu rodzicielskiego (Parenting Stress Index). Wreszcie, gdy dzieci miały 3 lata, ich matki i ojcowie wypełniali Listę zachowań dziecięcych (Child Behavior Checklist). Wyniki. Przywiązanie w okresie niemowlęcym osłabiało wpływ stresu rodzicielskiego na problemy emocjonalne i zaburzenia zachowania u dzieci. Stres rodzicielski był powiązany z wyższym poziomem zachowań agresywnych i zaburzeń uwagi u dzieci z pozabezpiecznym stylem przywiązania, ale nie u tych z bezpiecznym stylem. Ponadto wyższy poziom stresu rodzicielskiego wiązał się z większą liczbą problematycznych zachowań wycofanych u dzieci z pozabezpiecznym stylem przywiązania, zwłaszcza tych z ambiwalentnym stylem i przywiązaniem zdezorganizowanym. Wnioski. U dzieci z pozabezpiecznym stylem wyższy poziom stresu rodzicielskiego jest powiązany z większą częstością występowania problematycznych zachowań wycofanych (zaburzeń internalizacyjnych) oraz zachowań agresywnych i zaburzeń uwagi (zaburzeń eksternalizacyjnych). Bezpieczny styl przywiązania w okresie niemowlęcym jest buforem osłabiającym wpływ stresu rodzicielskiego na problemy emocjonalne i zaburzenia zachowania u dzieci.

Pełny tekst:

PDF

Bibliografia


Abidin, R. R. (1983). Parenting stress index: Manual, administration booklet, [and] research update. Charlottesville: Pediatric Psychology Press.

Abidin, R. R. (1995). Parenting stress index (3 wyd.): Professional manual. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.

Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation (tom xviii). Oksford: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Amone-P’Olak, K., Burger, H., Huisman, M., Oldehinkel, A. J., Ormel, J. (2011). Parental psychopathology and socioeconomic position predict adolescent offspring’s mental health independently and do not interact: The TRAILS study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65, 57–63. DOI: 10.1136/jech.2009.092569.

Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2009). The first 10,000 adult attachment interviews: Distributions of adult attachment representations in clinical and non-clinical groups. Attachment & Human Development, 11(3), 223–263. DOI: 10.1080/14616730902814762.

Belsky, J., Fearon, R. M. P. (2002). Infant-mother attachment security, contextual risk, and early development: A moderational analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 293–310. DOI: 10.1017/ S0954579402002067.

Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Nowy Jork: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation, anxiety, and anger. Nowy Jork: Basic Books.

Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1/2), 3–35.

Brumariu, L. E., Kerns, K. A. (2010). Parent-child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 177–203. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579409990344.

Carlson, E. A. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation. Child Development, 69(4), 1107–1128. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06163.x.

Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3), 228–249.

Costa, N. M.,Weems, C. F., Pellerin, K., Dalton, R. (2006). Parenting stress and childhood psychopathology: An examination of specificity to internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28(2), 113–122. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06163.x.

Crnic, K. A., Gaze, C., Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: Relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5. Infant and Child Development, 14, 117–132. DOI: 10.1002/icd.384

Cyr, C., Euser, E. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2010). Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 87–108. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579409990289.

Dallaire, D. H., Weinraub, M. (2007). Infant-mother attachment security and children’s anxiety and aggression at first grade. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 477–492. DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2007.06.005.

De Beurs, E. (2004). Brief Symptom Inventory, Handleiding (Manual). Leiden: Pits Publishers.

De Brock, A. J. L. L., Vermulst, A. A., Gerris, J. R. M., Abidin, R. R. (1992). Nijmeegse Ouderlijke Stress Index. Lisse: Swets en Zeitlinger.

DeKlyen, M., Greenberg, M. T. (2008). Attachment and psychopathology in childhood. W: J. Cassidy, P. R. Shaver (red.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (s. 637–665). Nowy Jork: The Guilford Press.

Derogatis, L. R. (1993). Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring and procedures manual (3 wyd.). Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.

Díaz-Herrero, A., López-Pina, J. A., Pérez-López, J., de la Nuez, A. G. B., Mártinez-Fuentes, M. T. (2011). Validity of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form in a sample of Spanish fathers. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 990–997. DOI: 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n2.44.

Edwards, E. P., Das Eiden, R., Leonard, K. E. (2006). Behavior problems in 18- to 36-month old children of alcoholic fathers: Secure mother-infant attachment as a protective factor. Development and Psychopathology, 18(2), 395–407. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579406060214.

Fearon, P. R. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A. M., Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81(2), 435–456. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x.

Fearon, P. R. M., Belsky, J. (2011). Infant-mother attachment and the growth of externalizing problems across the primary-school years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(7), 782–791. doi 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x

Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3 wyd.). Londyn: Sage.

Gavin, N. I., Gaynes, B. N., Lohr, K. N., Meltzer-Brody, S., Gartlehner, G., Swinson, T. (2005). Perinatal depression: A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 106(5), 1071–1083. DOI: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000183597.31630.db.

Goodman, S. H., Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressedmothers: Adevelopmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106(3), 458–490. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458.

Green, J., Goldwyn, R. (2002). Annotation: Attachment disorganization and psychopathology: New findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(7), 835–846. DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00102.

Greenberg, M. T. (1999). Attachment and psychopathology in childhood. W: J. Cassidy, P. R. Shaver (red.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (s. 469–496). Nowy Jork: The Guilford Press.

Greenberg, M. T., Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., Jones, K. (1999). Correlates of clinic referral for early conduct problems: Variable- and person-oriented approaches. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 255–276.

Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Fearon, R. M. P. (2012). The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children’s internalizing symptoms: A metaanalytic study. Child Development, 83(2), 591–610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01711.x.

Gutermuth, A. L., Anthony, B. J., Glanville, D. N., Naiman, D. Q., Waanders, C., Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationship between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers’ social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development, 14, 133–154. DOI: 10.1002/icd.385.

Guttmann-Steinmetz, S., Crowell, J. A. (2006). Attachment and externalizing disorders: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(4), 440–451. DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000196422.42599.63.

Hesse, E., Main, M. (2006). Frightened, threatening, and dissociative parental behaviour in low-risk samples: Descripton, discussion, and interpretations. Development and Psychopathology, 18(2), 309–343. DOI: 10.1017/S0954579406060172.

Huth-Bocks, A. C., Hughes, H. M. (2008). Parenting stress, parenting behavior, and children’s adjustment in families experiencing intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 243–251. DOI: 10.1007/s10896- 007-9148-1.

Jaddoe, V. W., Van Duijn, C. M., Van der Heijden, A. J., Mackenbach, J. P, Moll, H. A., Steegers, E. A. P., Hofman, A. (2010). The Generation R study: Design and cohort update 2010. European Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 823–841. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-010-9516-7.

Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2008). Promoting positive parenting: An attachment-based intervention. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Luijk, P. C. M., Saridjan, N., Tharner, A., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg,M. J., Jaddoe, V. W., Tiemeier, H. (2010). Attachment, depression and cortisol: Deviant patterns in insecure-resistant and disorganized infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(5), 441–452. DOI: 10.1002/dev.20446.

Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 64–73. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.64.

Lyons-Ruth, K., Easterbrooks, M. A., Cibelli, C. D. (1997). Infant attachment strategies, infant mental lag, and maternal depressive symptoms: Predictors of internalizing and externalizing problems at age 7. Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 681–692. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.33.4.681.

Lyons-Ruth, K., Jacobvitz, D. (2008). Attachment disorganization: Genetic factors, parenting contexts, and developmental transformation from infancy to adulthood. W: J. Cassidy, P. R. Shaver (red.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2 wyd., s. 666–697). Nowy Jork: The Guilford Press.

Madigan, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Moran, G., Pederson, D. R., Benoit, D. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: A review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attachment & Human Development, 8(2), 89–111. DOI: 10.1080/14616730600774458

Main, M., Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized-disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. W: M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, E. M. Cummings (red.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research and intervention (s. 121–160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

McCartney, K., Tresch Owen, M., Booth, C. L., Clarke-Stewart, A., Lowe Vandell, D. (2004). Testing a maternal attachment model of behavior problems in early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 765–778. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00270.x.

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network (NICHD ECCRN). (2006). Infant-mother attachment classification: Risk and protection in relation to changing maternal caregiving quality. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 38–58. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.1.38.

Pop, V. J., Komproe, I. H., Van Son, M. J. (1992). Characteristics of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in The Netherlands. Journal of Affective Disorders, 26(2), 105–110. DOI: 10.1016/0165-0327(92)90041-4.

Reitman, D., Currier, R. O., Stickle, T. R. (2002). A critical evaluation of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) in a Head Start population. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 384–392. DOI: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_10.

Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park: Sage.

Rutter, M. (1999). Psychosocial adversity and child psychopathology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 480–493. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.174.6.480.

Spijkers, W., Jansen, D. E. M. C., Rijneveld, S. A. (2011). The impact of area deprivation on parenting stress. The European Journal of Public Health, 1–6. Advance Access published October 22. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckr146.

Sroufe, L. A. (1996). Emotional development: The organization of emotional life in the early years. Cambridge Studies in Social and Educational Development. Nowy Jork: Cambridge University Press.

Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E. A., Collins, W. A. (2005). The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. Nowy Jork: Guilford Press.

Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (5 wyd.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (in press). Temperament, attachment, and the differential susceptibility hypothesis. W: M. Zentner, R. L. Shiner, Handbook of temperament. Nowy Jork: Guilford.

Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11(2), 225–249.

Vaughn, B. E., Bost, K. E., Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2008). Attachment and temperament: Additive and interactive influences on behavior, affect, and cognition during infancy and childhood. W: J. Cassidy, P. R. Shaver (red.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (s. 192–217). Nowy Jork: Guilford Press.

Weinfield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E. (2008). Individual differences in infant-caregiver attachment: Conceptual and empirical aspects of security. W: J. Cassidy, P. R. Shaver (red.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (s. 78–102). Nowy Jork: The Guilford Press.

Whiteside-Mansell, L., Ayoub, C., McKelvey, L., Faldowski, R. A., Hart, A., Shears, J. (2007). Parenting stress of low-income parents of toddlers and preschoolers: Psychometric properties of a short form of the Parenting Stress Index. Parenting: Science and Practice, 7(1), 26–56. DOI: 10.1080/15295190709336775.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.